![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() On occasion, a sole imprint pattern deriving from the shoe used as a “weapon” can be identified, whereas kicking and trampling to the abdomen can occur without leaving any characteristic morphological signs. ![]() Between the skin of the head and the skull there is only little adipose tissue so that the injury pattern often points out to the used underlying mechanism of violence. The injury pattern deriving from kicking and trampling is highly dependent on the location of the impact. These kinds of injuries are rare when the BAC of the victim is higher than 200 mg/dL, and injuries deriving from defensive action can be found in approximately 52% of the cases where the BAC is lower than 200 mg/dL. The frequency of injuries deriving from defensive action is associated with the blood alcohol content (BAC) of the victim. In such cases, subdural and subarachnoidal bleeding, brain contusion, and intra-cerebral hemorrhage is a frequent cause of death. More than 50% of victims of kicking and trampling deaths have fractures of the calvaria, skull base, or facial bones. Most of the injuries are located at the head followed by injuries of inner organs and thoracic bones. Kicking and trampling to death is an entity of violence that increased considerably in the northeastern parts of Germany over the final years of the last century. ![]()
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